Especially, the exploration of suitable cathode materials has been the focus of attention, since it is the cathode materials that account for most of the overall costs of the whole cell and determine critical battery performance, such as energy density and cut-off voltage. Īpart from the prospect, there are still critical challenges for the widespread usage of SIBs. In light of this, the development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), using sodium instead of lithium as charge carriers, shows great promises upon overcoming the economic barriers of LIBs and therefore have attracted significant attention. Contrary to the lithium raw materials, sodium resources are earth-abundant, distributed worldwide and cost effective. With this regard, searching for alternative energy storage chemistries lies at the very heart of global concerns nowadays. Despite almost 30 years of commercial success, nevertheless, concerns have recently arisen about the shortage of Li resource and potentially rising costs.
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Among the currently existing energy storage technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely applied in portable devices and preferred for powering next-generation electric vehicles (EVs). As a result, the development of energy storage techniques for sustainable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, etc.) becomes necessary to a green and recycling society. However, nonrenewable fossil fuels are being exhausted rapidly, and their over-exploitation and consumption also lead to severe environmental issues. With the growth of the economy, the global demands for energy have significantly increased. This study starts a perspective way of optimizing the sodium layered cathodes by rational structural design coupling electrochemical reactions, which can be extended to widespread battery researches. Accordingly, the cycling stability of the codoped cathode material is improved superiorly over the pristine sample.
In this way, the interlayer O O electrostatic repulsion is weakened upon deeply charging, which strongly affects the systematic total energy that transforms the striking P2–O2 interlayer contraction into a moderate solid-solution-type evolution. Herein a Ti/Mg co-doping strategy for a model P2-Na 2/3Ni 1/3Mn 2/3O 2 cathode material is put forward to activate charge compensation through highly hybridized O 2 p TM 3 d covalent bonds. Hence, enabling charge compensation in sodium layered oxides is a fascinating task for extending the cycle life of sodium-ion batteries. Layered transition-metal (TM) oxides are ideal hosts for Li + charge carriers largely due to the occurrence of oxygen charge compensation that stabilizes the layered structure at high voltage.
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